Ho sempre pensato che andasse rivista l’architettura istituzionale del nostro Paese. Uno dei limiti principali che ha determinato il fallimento della cosiddetta seconda Repubblica è consistito proprio dall’aver eluso un nodo così importante. Dal 1994 gli italiani sono abituati a votare per un candidato premier indicato nella scheda elettorale senza che nessun articolo della nostra costituzione preveda, di contro, l’elezione diretta del Presidente del consiglio, la cui nomina tutt’oggi è prerogativa del Presidente della Repubblica (art. 93 Cost). Le due grandi macro opzioni possibili riguardano la scelta tra un sistema di tipo parlamentare ed uno di tipo presidenziale. Nel primo, come il nostro, dovrebbe in teoria essere centrale il ruolo del Parlamento mentre nei sistemi di tipo presidenziale, come quello ad esempio statunitense , il presidente viene direttamente investito dal mandato popolare. La Francia, con il suo sistema semipresidenziale, rappresenta poi una via di mezzo tra le due ipotesi. Ogni sistema ha i suoi pregi e i suoi difetti, l’importante è che il disegno complessivo preveda una serie di pesi e contrappesi (check and balances) in grado di garantire una armonia di fondo e una coerenza di insieme. In teoria prediligo per cultura un sistema di tipo Parlamentare, ma l’attuale presidente della Repubblica Giorgio Napolitano è quasi riuscito a farmi ricredere. Più osservo il suo modo di interpretare il ruolo, più mi convinco di quanto sarebbe opportuno virare con decisione verso un sistema presidenziale, e che perciò non preveda la figura del Presidente della Repubblica. La nostra Costituzione vuole che la figura del Presidente della repubblica risulti di garanzia, quasi notarile. Il settennato di Napolitano si è invece caratterizzato per un iper attivismo che stride con il mandato costituzionale e che su alcune questioni ha stabilito precedenti da non ripetere. Mi riferisco all’intrusione del capo dello stato, che chiese le carte, durante il finto scontro tra le procure di Catanzaro e Salerno e all’approccio interventista dello stesso presidente in occasione della recentissima guerra di Libia. Se poi aggiungiamo il conformismo perbenista e ipocrita con il quale la grande stampa accompagna ogni ovvietà quirinalizia ci si rende conto di quanto il problema sia concreto. Ma forse da un uomo politico formatosi nel Pci del dopoguerra non ci si poteva onestamente aspettare molto di più.
Francesco Maria Toscano
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